OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a classless, link-state
routing protocol. The current version of OSPF for IPv4 is OSPFv2
introduced in RFC 1247 and updated in RFC 2328 by John Moy. In 1999,
OSPFv3 for IPv6 was published in RFC 2740.
OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110, and is denoted in the routing table with a route source code of O. OSPF is enabled with the router ospf process-id global configuration command. The process-id is locally significant, which means that it does not have to match other OSPF routers in order to establish adjacencies with those neighbors.
The network command used with OSPF has the same function as when used with other IGP routing protocols, but with slightly different syntax.
Router(config-router)#network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id
The wildcard-mask is the inverse of the subnet mask, and the area-id should be set to 0.
OSPF does not use a transport layer protocol, as OSPF packets are sent directly over IP. The OSPF Hello packet is used by OSPF to establish neighbor adjacencies. By default, OSPF Hello packets are sent every 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point segments and every 30 seconds on non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments (Frame Relay, X.25, ATM). The Dead interval is the period of time an OSPF router will wait before terminating adjacency with a neighbor. The Dead interval is four times the Hello interval, by default. For multiaccess and point-to-point segments, this period is 40 seconds. For NBMA networks, the Dead interval is 120 seconds.
For routers to become adjacent, their Hello interval, Dead interval, network types and subnet masks must match. The show ip ospf neighbors command can be used to verify OSPF adjacencies.
The OSPF router ID is used to uniquely identify each router in the OSPF routing domain. Cisco routers derive the router ID based on three criteria and with the following precedence:
1. Use the IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.
2. If the router-id is not configured, the router chooses highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.
3. If no loopback interfaces are configured, the router chooses highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.
RFC 2328 does not specify which values should be used to determine the cost. Cisco IOS uses the cumulative bandwidths of the outgoing interfaces from the router to the destination network as the cost value.
Multiaccess networks can create two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs, including the creation of multiple adjacencies - one adjacency for every pair of routers, and extensive flooding of LSAs (Link-State Advertisements). OSPF elects a DR (Designated Router) to act as collection and distribution point for LSAs sent and received in the multiaccess network. A BDR (Backup Designated Router) is elected to take over the role of the DR should the DR fail. All other routers are known as DROthers. All routers send their LSAs to the DR, which then floods the LSA to all other routers in the multiaccess network.
The router with the highest router ID is the DR, and the router with the second highest router ID is the BDR. This can be superseded by the ip ospf priority command on that interface. By default, the ip ospf priority is "1" on all multiaccess interfaces. If a router is configured with a new priority value, the router with the highest priority value is the DR, and next-highest the BDR. A priority value of "0" means the router is ineligible to become the DR or BDR.
A default route is propagated in OSPF similar to that of RIP. The OSPF router mode command, default-information originate is used to propagate a static default route.
The show ip protocols command is used to verify important OSPF configuration information, including the OSPF process ID, the router ID and the networks the router is advertising.
OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110, and is denoted in the routing table with a route source code of O. OSPF is enabled with the router ospf process-id global configuration command. The process-id is locally significant, which means that it does not have to match other OSPF routers in order to establish adjacencies with those neighbors.
The network command used with OSPF has the same function as when used with other IGP routing protocols, but with slightly different syntax.
Router(config-router)#network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id
The wildcard-mask is the inverse of the subnet mask, and the area-id should be set to 0.
OSPF does not use a transport layer protocol, as OSPF packets are sent directly over IP. The OSPF Hello packet is used by OSPF to establish neighbor adjacencies. By default, OSPF Hello packets are sent every 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point segments and every 30 seconds on non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments (Frame Relay, X.25, ATM). The Dead interval is the period of time an OSPF router will wait before terminating adjacency with a neighbor. The Dead interval is four times the Hello interval, by default. For multiaccess and point-to-point segments, this period is 40 seconds. For NBMA networks, the Dead interval is 120 seconds.
For routers to become adjacent, their Hello interval, Dead interval, network types and subnet masks must match. The show ip ospf neighbors command can be used to verify OSPF adjacencies.
The OSPF router ID is used to uniquely identify each router in the OSPF routing domain. Cisco routers derive the router ID based on three criteria and with the following precedence:
1. Use the IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.
2. If the router-id is not configured, the router chooses highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.
3. If no loopback interfaces are configured, the router chooses highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.
RFC 2328 does not specify which values should be used to determine the cost. Cisco IOS uses the cumulative bandwidths of the outgoing interfaces from the router to the destination network as the cost value.
Multiaccess networks can create two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs, including the creation of multiple adjacencies - one adjacency for every pair of routers, and extensive flooding of LSAs (Link-State Advertisements). OSPF elects a DR (Designated Router) to act as collection and distribution point for LSAs sent and received in the multiaccess network. A BDR (Backup Designated Router) is elected to take over the role of the DR should the DR fail. All other routers are known as DROthers. All routers send their LSAs to the DR, which then floods the LSA to all other routers in the multiaccess network.
The router with the highest router ID is the DR, and the router with the second highest router ID is the BDR. This can be superseded by the ip ospf priority command on that interface. By default, the ip ospf priority is "1" on all multiaccess interfaces. If a router is configured with a new priority value, the router with the highest priority value is the DR, and next-highest the BDR. A priority value of "0" means the router is ineligible to become the DR or BDR.
A default route is propagated in OSPF similar to that of RIP. The OSPF router mode command, default-information originate is used to propagate a static default route.
The show ip protocols command is used to verify important OSPF configuration information, including the OSPF process ID, the router ID and the networks the router is advertising.
