Networks come in a wide variety of types. The most common are LANs and WANs but there are many other types of networks, including metropolitan area networks (MANs) storage area networks (SANs) content networks (CNs) intranets and extranets VPNs and others.
Local Area Networks
Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself or a campus environment. In a LAN you’ll find PCs file servers hubs bridges switches routers multilayer switches voice gateways, firewalls, and other devices.
The media types used in LANs include Ethernet, Fast Ethernet (FE), Gigabit Ethernet (GE), Token Ring, and FDDI. Today, most networks use some form of Ethernet.
Wide Area Networks
Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance. Whereas a corporation provides its own infrastructure for a LAN, WANs are leased from carrier networks, such as telephone companies.
Four basic types of connections, or circuits, are used in WAN services: circuit-switched, cell-switched, packet-switched, and dedicated connections.
A wide array of WAN services are available, including analog dialup, ATM, dedicated circuits, cable, DSL (digital subscriber line) Frame Relay, ISDN, Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS), and X.25. Here, analog dialup and ISDN are examples of circuit-switched services, ATM and SMDS are examples of cell-switched services, and Frame Relay and X.25 are examples of packet-switched services.
Circuit-switched services provide a temporary connection across a phone circuit. These are typically used for backup of primary circuits and for temporary boots of bandwidth.
A dedicated circuit is a permanent connection between two sites where the bandwidth is dedicated. These circuits are common where you have a variety of services, such as voice, video, and data, that must traverse the connection and you are concerned about delay issues with the traffic and guaranteed bandwidth.
Cell-switched services can provide the same features that dedicated circuits offer. Their advantage over dedicated circuits is that a single device can connect to multiple devices on the same interface.
The downside of these services is that they are not available at all locations, they are difficult to set up and troubleshoot, and the equipment is expensive when compared to using dedicated circuits.
Packet-switched services are similar to cell-switched services. Whereas cell-switched services switch fixed-length packets, called cells, packet-switched services switch variable-length packets. This feature makes them better suited for data services, but they can nonetheless provide some of the Quality of Service (QoS) features that cell-switched services provide.
Two newer WAN services that are very popular in the U.S. are cable and DSL. DSL provides speeds up to 2 Mbps and costs much less than a typical WAN circuit from the carrier. It supports both voice and video and doesn’t require a dialup connection (it’s always enabled).
Cable access uses coaxial copper connections-the same medium used to provide television broadcast services. It supports higher data rates than DSL, but like DSL, it provides a full-time connection. However, it has one major drawback: it is a shared service and functions in a logical bus topology (discussed in Chapter 2) much like Ethernet-the more customers in an area that connect via cable, the less bandwidth each customer has.
Examples of networking devices used in WAN connections include cable and DSL modems, carrier switches, CSU/DSUs, firewalls, modems, NT1s, and routers.
Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN. Like a WAN, it connects two or more LANs in the same geographic area. A MAN, for example, might connect two different buildings or offices in the same city.
However, whereas WANs typically provide low- to medium-speed access, MANs provide high-speed connections, such as T1 (1.544 Mbps) and optical services.
The optical services provided include SONET (The Synchronous Optical Network standard) and SDH (the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy standard).With these optical services, carriers can provide high-speed services, including ATM and Gigabit Ethernet.
These two optical services provide speeds ranging into the hundreds or thousands of megabits per second (Mbps). Devices used to provide connections for MANs include high-end routers, ATM switches, and optical switches.
Local Area Networks
Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself or a campus environment. In a LAN you’ll find PCs file servers hubs bridges switches routers multilayer switches voice gateways, firewalls, and other devices.
The media types used in LANs include Ethernet, Fast Ethernet (FE), Gigabit Ethernet (GE), Token Ring, and FDDI. Today, most networks use some form of Ethernet.
Wide Area Networks
Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance. Whereas a corporation provides its own infrastructure for a LAN, WANs are leased from carrier networks, such as telephone companies.
Four basic types of connections, or circuits, are used in WAN services: circuit-switched, cell-switched, packet-switched, and dedicated connections.
A wide array of WAN services are available, including analog dialup, ATM, dedicated circuits, cable, DSL (digital subscriber line) Frame Relay, ISDN, Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS), and X.25. Here, analog dialup and ISDN are examples of circuit-switched services, ATM and SMDS are examples of cell-switched services, and Frame Relay and X.25 are examples of packet-switched services.
Circuit-switched services provide a temporary connection across a phone circuit. These are typically used for backup of primary circuits and for temporary boots of bandwidth.
A dedicated circuit is a permanent connection between two sites where the bandwidth is dedicated. These circuits are common where you have a variety of services, such as voice, video, and data, that must traverse the connection and you are concerned about delay issues with the traffic and guaranteed bandwidth.
Cell-switched services can provide the same features that dedicated circuits offer. Their advantage over dedicated circuits is that a single device can connect to multiple devices on the same interface.
The downside of these services is that they are not available at all locations, they are difficult to set up and troubleshoot, and the equipment is expensive when compared to using dedicated circuits.
Packet-switched services are similar to cell-switched services. Whereas cell-switched services switch fixed-length packets, called cells, packet-switched services switch variable-length packets. This feature makes them better suited for data services, but they can nonetheless provide some of the Quality of Service (QoS) features that cell-switched services provide.
Two newer WAN services that are very popular in the U.S. are cable and DSL. DSL provides speeds up to 2 Mbps and costs much less than a typical WAN circuit from the carrier. It supports both voice and video and doesn’t require a dialup connection (it’s always enabled).
Cable access uses coaxial copper connections-the same medium used to provide television broadcast services. It supports higher data rates than DSL, but like DSL, it provides a full-time connection. However, it has one major drawback: it is a shared service and functions in a logical bus topology (discussed in Chapter 2) much like Ethernet-the more customers in an area that connect via cable, the less bandwidth each customer has.
Examples of networking devices used in WAN connections include cable and DSL modems, carrier switches, CSU/DSUs, firewalls, modems, NT1s, and routers.
Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN. Like a WAN, it connects two or more LANs in the same geographic area. A MAN, for example, might connect two different buildings or offices in the same city.
However, whereas WANs typically provide low- to medium-speed access, MANs provide high-speed connections, such as T1 (1.544 Mbps) and optical services.
The optical services provided include SONET (The Synchronous Optical Network standard) and SDH (the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy standard).With these optical services, carriers can provide high-speed services, including ATM and Gigabit Ethernet.
These two optical services provide speeds ranging into the hundreds or thousands of megabits per second (Mbps). Devices used to provide connections for MANs include high-end routers, ATM switches, and optical switches.
